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Differences in battery packs
Battery properties and which type of battery is currently the most current?
2 March, 2021by
Differences in battery packs
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The role of the battery pack is to store energy, which is stored in electrochemical circuits. The following four types of batteries are most common in both electric scooters and light electric vehicles in general. These are Pb batteries, Ni-Mh batteries, Ni-Cd batteries, and Li-ion batteries.

Pb battery
Ni-Mh batteries
Ni-Cd batteries
Li-ion batteries

Comparisons of basic properties

The role of the battery pack is to store energy, which is stored in electrochemical circuits. The following four types of batteries are most common in both electric scooters and light electric vehicles in general. These are Pb batteries, Ni-Mh batteries, Ni-Cd batteries, and Li-ion batteries.

Pb, < 300 Cyclic endurance

Specific energy
33Wh - 42kg

Self-discharge
3% / 20 mesecev

Charging/discharging
50 / 95%

Energy density
60Wh / 110 l

Ni-Cd, 2000 Cyclic endurance

Specific energy
40Wh - 60kg

Self-discharge
10% / Mesec

Charging/discharging

Energy density
60Wh / 150 l

Ni-Mh, 180 - 2000 Cyclic endurance

Specific energy
60Wh - 120kg

Self-discharge
1,3% / 2,9 Meseca

Charging/discharging
66 / 92%

Energy density
140Wh / 300 l

Li-ion, 400 - 1200 Cyclic endurance

Specific energy
100Wh - 265kg

Self-discharge
2% / Mesec

Charging/discharging

Energy density
250Wh / 693 l

Cyclic endurance

The cycle life of a particular type of battery is greatly influenced by how it is handled. Li-ion batteries in particular are very sensitive to how many percent of the state of charge (SoC) they are charging and discharging. The German company BMZ has done interesting research. SAMSUNG ICR18650-26F Li-ion cells were tested. The cells were emptied and filled to different levels of charge. In doing so, they measured how many cycles the battery can last before reaching the end of life (EoL), which is defined as a state in which the battery's capacity is 70% of its initial capacity.

The table below shows that the lifetime is most favorably affected if the batteries are not charged to more than 70% SoC.

Charging to SoC (%)
Discharge to SoC (%)
The resulting cycle
1000500
100201000
9001500
90202000
8003000
80203500
7005000
70206000

Right now they are Li-ion batteries the most current, as they have the best specific energy density. There are four main designs of cells, which are shown in the figure. These are cylindrical cells, button cells, cells in a rigid plastic case (use: electric cars, etc.) and cells in a soft plastic case/bag (use: phones, laptops, etc.).

Cylindrical cell
Button cell
Rigid plastic housing
Soft plastic case
Differences in battery packs
admin admin2 March, 2021
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